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  <title>Problems with current Metadata Standards</title>
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<div class='index'>
<a href="#TIFF">TIFF 6.0</a>
<br><a href="#DNG">DNG 1.3</a>
<br><a href="#EXIF">EXIF 2.3</a>
<br><a href="#PhotoInfo">OffsetSchema</a>
<br><a href="#JPEG">JPEG</a>
<br><a href="#MPF">MPF</a>
<br><a href="#refs">References</a>
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<h1 class=up>Problems with current Metadata Standards</h1>

<p>It seems that all metadata standards have their own unique problems. This
page documents some significant structural problems found in some current
metadata and file format specifications, and gives possible solutions to these
problems.  <i>[Also see my <a href="commentary.html">Commentary on Meta
Information Formats</a>.]</i></p>

<a name="TIFF"></a>
<h3>TIFF 6.0 <a class=ref href="#ref1">[1]</a></h3>

<p>A significant problem of the 1992 TIFF 6.0 specification is that there is no
way to distinguish an IFD (image file directory) offset from a simple integer
value.  As a result, new IFD's may not be created without risking corruption of
the files by unaware software.  This is not only a problem for proprietary maker
notes which commonly use a TIFF IFD structure, but is also a problem for
extensibility of TIFF-based RAW image formats (as demonstrated by the DNG 1.3
specification -- see below).</p>

<p><b>A simple solution:</b></p>

<p>Use a TIFF field type of 13 (IFD) instead of 4 (LONG) for IFD offsets.
This was first proposed in 1995 by Adobe in their PageMaker
6.0 TIFF Technical Notes<a class=ref href="#ref2">[2]</a>,
but unfortunately it never found its way into the TIFF specification.  Even so,
Olympus Optical Co. has shown some intelligence and is using this field type in
the maker notes of their recent digital cameras.
</p>

<p><b>Another useful addition:</b> <i>(added 2009-09-27)</i></p>

<p>A number of camera and cell phone manufacturers (Concord, Kodak, Motorola,
Nokia, Olympus, Pentax, Ricoh, Samsung and Sony) leave blank IFD entries in the
maker notes of images from some models. Presumably this simplifies the embedded
software by allowing the output file structure to be kept constant even when the
number of maker note IFD entries changes.  It could be useful if this feature
was added explicitly to the offical TIFF specification by defining a field type
of 0 as a "free IFD entry" to be ignored.  (Note that this ability already
exists implicitly at a certain level in the specification, which states:
<i>"Readers should skip over fields containing an unexpected field
type"</i>.)</p>

<a name="DNG"></a>
<h3>DNG 1.3 <a class=ref href="#ref3">[3]</a></h3>

<p>With the DNG 1.3 specification of June 2009, Adobe added a new Camera Profile
IFD referenced by an offset using the standard (and unfortunate) TIFF LONG field
type.  This means that the new Profile IFD will be lost if the file is rewritten
by any software which does not have explicit knowledge of the 1.3 specification.
But to make things worse, Adobe didn't even use a standard IFD format for the
data. Instead, the IFD begins with a TIFF-style header and uses relative instead
of absolute offsets.  This would have been a good idea if the IFD was stored as
the value of an UNDEFINED tag rather than referenced from a LONG offset. (If
done this way, the new information would have been preserved if the file was
rewritten by unaware software.) But as implemented it just adds to the pain of
parsing the file by requiring even more specialized code to be written in
support of the DNG 1.3 format.</p>

<p><b>A simple solution:</b></p>

<p>Sack the Adobe developers who were responsible for this, and use field type
13 (as recommended above for TIFF 6.0) and a standard TIFF IFD structure when
adding new IFD's in the future.</p>

<a name="EXIF"></a>
<h3>EXIF 2.3 <a class=ref href="#ref4">[4]</a></h3>

<p>The EXIF specification has been the standard for digital camera metadata for
many years, and while the digital camera technology has advanced significantly
in these years, the EXIF specification has not.  There are a number of
significant problems with the EXIF specification which have never been
addressed.</p>

<p>Some current problems with the EXIF specification are:</p>

<ol>
<li>Maker note data structure has no restrictions and is easily invalidated when
editing EXIF.</li>
<li>No facility for storing the time zone for date/time values. <i>[finally
added to Exif 2.31 spec.]</i></li>
<li>Very limited support for alternate character sets (essentially only the
UserComment tag has this feature).</li>
<li>No alternate language support.</li>
<li>Byte ordering for "Unicode" text strings, and the meaning of "Unicode"
itself is not clearly specified.</li>
<li>Mandatory tags are unnecessary and painful to implement.</li>
<li>ApertureValue and MaxApertureValue are stored as unsigned RATIONAL, which
means that lenses with F numbers faster than 1.0 (with equivalent APEX values of
less than zero) can not be represented.</li>
<li>MaxApertureValue is defined as "The smallest F number of the lens".  This
definition is unclear in the case of zoom lenses where the maximum aperture
varies across the zoom range.  Some manufacturers (Canon, Nikon, Sony) store the
maximum aperture at the specific focal length, but others (Olympus, Pentax)
store the absolute maximum aperture of the lens.</li>
<li>EXIF is not extensible, and is missing definitions for storing some
information that could be very useful to camera owners (eg. camera pitch/roll
angles, sensor temperature, face detection, auto-focus points, image
stabilization, flash exposure compensation, etc). <i>[Some of these tags
were added in the Exif 2.31 specification.]</i></li>
<li>0xffffffff in the numerator or denominator of some rational-value tags is
used to indicate an unknown or infinite value. This is completely unnecessary
and not supported by many applications because it requires extra tag-specific
logic to be implemented.</li>
<li>The total size of EXIF metadata in JPEG images is limited to 65527 bytes
or less.</li>
</ol>

<p><b>Simple solutions:</b></p>

<ol>
<li>Specify that maker note data must be self-contained (ie. must not exceed the
bounds of the maker note value data), and must be relocatable (ie. must not use
absolute offsets).  <i>[I would have suggested defining a new maker note tag
with field type 13 (IFD) which references a standard format IFD, but I am afraid
that no camera maker would ever jump on board with this suggestion now that they
have already been seduced by the dark side.]</i></li>
<li>Change the specification to allow an optional time zone of the format
"-05:00" to be appended to the date/time string values.</li>
<li>Change the specification to allow UTF-8 in ASCII-type values as recommended
by the MWG<a class=ref href="#ref5">[5]</a>.</li>
<li>No simple solution for this.  XMP<a class=ref href="#ref6">[6]</a>
is the only reasonable alternative if alternate language support is
required.</li>
<li>Specify that the Unicode byte order must be the same as the EXIF byte
ordering. (This is the only reasonable choice, but for some reason both
Microsoft and Apple seem to write Unicode using the native processor byte
ordering. regardless of the EXIF byte order.)  Also, it should be made clear
that by "Unicode" the EXIF specification actually means UCS-2, although updating
this to allow UTF-16 surrogate pairs may be a good idea.</li>
<li>Define reasonable fallback values for required tags which are missing.</li>
<li>Allow ApertureValue and MaxApertureValue to be stored as signed SRATIONAL.</li>
<li>Define whether MaxApertureValue is taken at the current focal length of
a zoom lens, or over the entire zoom range.</li>
<li>Expand the standard to include additional useful information available from
modern digital cameras.</li>
<li>Use a rational value of 1/0 to indicate infinity, and 0/0 to indicate an
unknown/undefined value.</li>
<li>Allow EXIF to span multiple JPEG segments.  Multiple consecutive EXIF
segments are simply concatenated into a single data block when reading. 
<i>[Apparently Adobe has been doing this for years<a class=ref href="#ref11">[11]</a>,
and this ability was added to ExifTool in version 10.97.]</i></li>
</ol>

<a name="PhotoInfo"></a>
<h3>Microsoft "OffsetSchema" Tag <a class=ref href="#ref7">[7]</a></h3>

<p>In February 2007 Microsoft proposed a new PhotoInfo tag called "OffsetSchema"
(hex. 0xEA1D, dec. 59933) in an attempt to patch a deficiency in the EXIF maker
note specification (see point 1 in EXIF 2.2 section above).  This tag represents
the offset difference between the original maker note location in the EXIF and
the new location after editing, and is designed to allow the maker note tag
values to be accessed after the location of the maker notes is changed by
editing the EXIF. <i>[Bless their little hearts for trying to improve this
situation, but while the idea is good the implementation is flawed and
ultimately unworkable.]</i></p>

<p>There are two main problems with the implementation, and the second is a show
stopper:</p>

<blockquote>1. For this new tag to be available to a single-pass metadata reader, it
must come <i>before</i> the maker note data (hex. 0x927C, dec. 37500).  But
since the EXIF/TIFF format specifies that tags must be stored in numerical
order, the maker note tag (hex. 0x927C) comes before the OffsetSchema tag
(hex. 0xEA1D).</blockquote>

<blockquote>2. The OffsetSchema tag will be invalidated by any software that
rewrites the EXIF and moves the maker notes without properly updating the tag.
In an ideal world all application developers would release an updated version
of their software which treats the OffsetSchema properly, and all users would
update to this new version.  But since this is the real world it just won't
happen, which makes the value of OffsetSchema unreliable.  Too bad, because this
wouldn't have been a problem if Microsoft had specified that the new tag
represented the original offset of the maker notes instead of the difference
from the original position. With this change, the tag wouldn't need updating
when the EXIF is edited, and the information would be much more reliable.  The
only problem here would be editing software that explicitly changes the maker
note offsets.  However, software with this ability is rare, and it is more
reasonable to ask that the OffsetSchema tag simply be deleted by any software
that updates the maker note offsets.  (Software must be fairly advanced in the
first place if it parses the proprietary maker note data structures and changes
these offsets.)</blockquote>

<p><b>A simple solution:</b></p>

<p>Create a new tag which comes before the maker notes (hex. 0x927B, dec. 37499
would be good) and represents the original offset of the maker notes.</p>

<a name="JPEG"></a>
<h3>JPEG File Interchange Format <a class=ref href="#ref8">[8]</a></h3>

<p>The JPEG File Interchange Format version 1.02 was released in 1992.  The
biggest structural problem with this standard is that metadata in these files in
is stored in segments which have a maximum size of 65533 bytes.  This limit has
necessitated a number of creative solutions, each creating complications and
problems of their own.  <i>[See my comments on the <a
href="writing.html#Preview">PreviewImage problem</a> for example.]</i></p>

<p><b>A simple solution:</b></p>

<p>Since the value of the segment size word includes the 2 bytes of the segment
size word itself, a value of 0 or 1 is not allowed by the current JPEG standard.
The standard could be enhanced so a value of 1 indicates an extended JPEG
segment where the 2-byte size word (with value 0x0001) is followed immediately
by a 4-byte integer giving the size of the extended JPEG segment.  This would
allow segment sizes of up to 4294967291 bytes (assuming the size includes these
4 bytes). Further, a value of 0 could be defined for an 8-byte integer if one
really wanted to support huge metadata segments.  Either change to an existing
JPEG would break all current JPEG reader/writers, but the change is trivial and
could easily be implemented.</p>

<p><b>An alternative solution:</b></p>

<p>Define a new application marker segment which uses a 4-byte size word.  This
technique is already used for the extended JPEG2000 codestream MCT, MCC and MIC
marker segments.</p>

<p><b>Another solution:</b> <i>[implemented in ExifTool 10.97]</i></p>

<p>We can work around this limitation for EXIF metadata by allowing it to span
multiple segments using the same technique as for Photoshop APP13 metadata.</p>

<a name="MPF"></a>
<h3>Multi-Picture Format (MPF) <a class=ref href="#ref9">[9]</a></h3>

<p>In February 2009 CIPA<a class=ref href="#ref10">[10]</a> released a
"Multi-Picture Format" standard for storing large images in JPEG files.  This
format is yet another attempt to bypass the JPEG segment-size limit (see above)
to store large preview images.  But again, there is a significant problem with
this standard:  Pointers in the new APP2 MPF segment use offsets relative to the
start of the MPF header in this segment to reference image data after the JPEG
EOI.  Unfortunately, these offsets are quickly broken if any data after the MPF
segment changes length.  This problem could have been avoided if offsets had
been specified relative to the end of file, but it is too late for this now that
the specification is public.  However, another problem is that information after
the JPEG EOI is often discarded by software when the file is edited.</p>

<p><b>A possible work-around:</b></p>

<p>Enforce the rule that the MPF APP2 segment must come after all other APP
segments.  (It would have been smart if this was specified in the CIPA standard,
but sadly this wasn't the case.)  If this is done, then metadata in the remaining
APP segments (EXIF, IPTC, XMP, etc) can safely be edited without breaking the
MPF offsets.  I suggest that all metadata editors employ this strategy,
regardless of the segment order specified in the standard (which says that the
MPF APP2 segment must come immediately after the EXIF APP1 segment).</p>

<p>Unfortunately this work-around has the same problems as the Microsoft
OffsetSchema tag because the MPF information may easily be invalidated by an
unaware editor, and it doesn't address the problem of losing data stored after
the JPEG EOI.</p>

<p><b>A simple solution:</b></p>

<p>Change the JPEG specification to allow larger segments (as mentioned above in
the JPEG section), and change the MPF specification to store all information
inside a JPEG segment.</p>

<p><i>[2014-04-29: CIPA has changed the location of these standards documents,
so the URL's referenced here are now broken.]</i></p>

<a name="refs"></a>
<h3>References</h3>

<ol>
<li><a name="ref1" href="http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFF6.pdf">http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFF6.pdf</a></li>
<li><a name="ref2" href="http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFFPM6.pdf">http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFFPM6.pdf</a></li>
<li><a name="ref3" href="http://www.adobe.com/products/dng/pdfs/dng_spec_1_3_0_0.pdf">http://www.adobe.com/products/dng/pdfs/dng_spec_1_3_0_0.pdf</a></li>
<li><a name="ref4" href="http://www.cipa.jp/english/hyoujunka/kikaku/pdf/DC-008-2010_E.pdf">http://www.cipa.jp/english/hyoujunka/kikaku/pdf/DC-008-2010_E.pdf</a></li>
<li><a name="ref5" href="http://www.metadataworkinggroup.org/pdf/mwg_guidance.pdf">http://www.metadataworkinggroup.org/pdf/mwg_guidance.pdf</a></li>
<li><a name="ref6" href="http://www.adobe.com/devnet/xmp/">http://www.adobe.com/devnet/xmp/</a></li>
<li><a name="ref7" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/927527">http://support.microsoft.com/kb/927527</a></li>
<li><a name="ref8" href="http://www.jpeg.org/public/jfif.pdf">http://www.jpeg.org/public/jfif.pdf</a></li>
<li><a name="ref9" href="http://www.cipa.jp/english/hyoujunka/kikaku/pdf/DC-X007-KEY_E.pdf">http://www.cipa.jp/english/hyoujunka/kikaku/pdf/DC-X007-KEY_E.pdf</a></li>
<li><a name="ref10" href="http://www.cipa.jp/english/hyoujunka/kikaku/cipa_e_kikaku_list.html">http://www.cipa.jp/english/hyoujunka/kikaku/cipa_e_kikaku_list.html</a></li>
<li id="ref11">XMP Specification part 3 November 2014, p. 13</li>
</ol>
<hr>
<i>Created Sep 17, 2009</i><br>
<i>Last revised May 16, 2018</i>
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